Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Essay

The experiment focuses on finding out what engaging of initiate set up that four different substituents ordain have on an aromatic benzol ring. The substituents being tested be aniline, anisole, ethanamide (acetanilide), and hydroxy benzine. any four of these groups ar either para or ortho activating. Bromination is the reaction that will be carried out. The resolve focalise ranges of the nett outputs will be taken in order to determine their identities and reactivity. It is predicted that substitution order from most to least(prenominal)(prenominal) reactive should be aniline, carbolic acid, anisole, and ethanamide. TheoryRegioselectivity and the invest of electrophilic aromatic substitution are affected by the substituents attached to the original benzene. In electrophilic aromatic substitution, (EAS for short), the rate determining step is the first step of the reaction. This experiment deals with activating substituents that growth the rate of reaction. In the first rate determining step, the electron closeness rich pi bonds of benzene react with the electrophile (Bromine) to trunk a tintinnabulation becalmd carbocation. This step is the most important actor that decides which substituents gain ground benzene react red-hot. This is because the rate of the reaction can be determined d wholeness the stability of the carbocation transition state hybrid, which is also whapn as resonance effect and the Hammond Postulate. In other words, if a carbocation intermediate is more stable, in that location is less energy needed in the transition state to form the carbocation. Less energy needed translates to a faster reaction.All in all, substituents that increase the electron density on the ring contribute by making the benzene ring more nucleophilic through increased electron density. The increased electron density around the ring would help to stabilize the positively charged carbocation intermediate. This means that this intermediate i s more likely to form. negatron donating substituents would activate the ring towards EAS, which means the overall rate would be faster compared to benzene. The aniline group forms the most stable carbocation because it has the same resonance effects as the other groups but because nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, its inducive effects are weaker. Therefore aniline should react the fastest.Acetamide would be last in terms ofreactivity because it has the weakest resonance effects compared to inductive effects, in other words it is the weakest electron donating group. The order of reactivity from strongest activator to least should be aniline, phenol, anisole, and acetamide. It is also predicted that all of the groups should react towards a polyhalogenated crop chuck out for acetamide. Specifically, they should all be tri-substituted except for acetamide. Steric hindrance also plays a factor in preventing Br from being added to the ortho positions, so it should be expe cted that the acetamide harvest should only have a substituent added to the para position.ResultsCompound/ assortMelting Point Range (C)Productacetamide (Johnson/Leo)164.2-168.84-bromoacetamideaniline (Iris/Jenelle)120-130.42,4,6-tribromoanilinephenol (Jack/Kyle)90-932,4,6-tribromophenolanisole (N/A)40-43 and 55.3-73.72,4-dibromoanisoleAnisole product did not recrystallize so info is taken from another research laboratorys.Crude mass product of acetamide 0.235gRecrystallized product mass of acetamide 0.087gTheoretical yield 0.0625gPercent yield 139%DiscussionAniline and phenol both formed a tri-substituted product in two ortho and one para positions according to their respective thawing point ranges. Thisconfirms expectations that these two substituents are the strongest activators. This is because the NH2 and OH groups are very electronegative and reactive which allows their carbocation resonance structures to be stabilized. as yet though both aniline and phenol had the same amo unt of polybromination, we know that since nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, aniline has less inductive effects. In turn, it means that aniline would have more electron density which make makes it more reactive to electrophiles. Although the anisole did not form a product, retrieved data suggests that the product is is actually disubstituted this contradicts the prediction that it would be trisubstituted also it is not surprising because anisole has an pointless carbon attached to the oxygen which could weaken resonance effects.Lastly, the melting point ranges for the acetamide product suggest that it formed 4-bromoacetamide. Based on the data gathered, the ranking in order of increasing activity would be aniline, phenol, anisole, and acetamide. This matches up with initial predictions. These results make sense because anisole and acetamide have resonance structures where the electron density is moved outside of the ring so it cannot activate the benzene ring as well as the other two. With regards to the efficiency of the reaction, common chord of the reactions appeared to be efficient. Aniline, phenol, and acetamide all reacted efficiently. This is observed through their products which displayed conclusive melting point ranges that confirmed their predictions. Although 10% bromine solution was used these reactions carried to closure and their yields were decent. ConclusionAniline and Phenol both yield trisubstituted products of 2,4,6-bromoaniline and 2,4,6-bromophenol according to the melting point ranges obtained. This supports predictions that these amine and hydroxyl groups would be the strongest activating groups of benzene. Anisole yielded a disubstituted product which suggests that it is a more moderate activator when compared to aniline and phenol. Acetamide, which has the bulkiest substituent, yield a monosubstituted product which suggests that it is the weakest activator of the four. These results match up with ranking predictions but differ with substituent predictions. It was predicted that anisoles activating strength would be on par with that of phenol and aniline when results debate that it is actually considerably weaker. Sources of ErrorAfter recrystallzation and weighing out the final product identified as 4-bromoacetamide. It was observed that the actual yield was higher(prenominal) than the theoretical yield. This could have been due to impurities in our final product.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy-one

CatelynIt go formed a thousand historic period ago that Catelyn Stark had carried her infant pasvane discover of Riverrun, crossing the Tumblestone in a sm all(prenominal) boat to begin their journey north to overwinterfell. And it was crossways the Tumblestone that they came home now, though the boy wore plate and mail in arse of swaddling clothes.Robb sit in the bow with Grey Wind, his hand resting on his direwolf s head as the rowers pul guide at their oars. Theon Greyjoy was with him. Her uncle Brynden would come behind in the sanction boat, with the smashingjon and Lord Karstark.Catelyn took a place toward the stern. They shot pop up the Tumblestone, letting the real current push them past the looming rotateTower. The splash and rumble of the great water wheel within was a sound from her girlhood that brought a good-for- nonhing grinning to Catelyns face. From the sandstone walls of the castle, sol givers and servants shouted down her name, and Robbs, and Winterfe ll From every rampart waved the banner of House Tully a leaping trout, silver, against a rippling blue-and-red field. It was a stirring sight, yet it did non lift her heart. She wondered if indeed her heart would ever lift again. Oh, Ned . . .Below the WheelTower, they make a wide turn and knifed through the churning water. The custody jell their spurs into it. The wide arch of the Water Gate came into view, and she heard the creak of impenetrable chains as the great atomic number 26 portcullis was earningsched upward. It rose slowly as they approached, and Catelyn truism that the lower half of it was red with rust. The bottom foot dripped dark-brown mud on them as they passed underneath, the barbed spikes mere inches above their heads. Catelyn gazed up at the bars and wondered how deep the rust went and how well the portcullis would stand up to a ram and whether it ought to be replaced. Thoughts like that were seldom far from her creative thinker these days.They passed beneath the arch and under the walls, moving from cheerfulnesslight to shadow and back into sunlight. Boats large and small were tied up all most them, secured to iron rings set in the stone. Her dumbfounds guards waited on the water stair with her brother. Ser Edmure Tully was a stocky young man with a shaggy head of auburn vibrissa and a fiery beard. His breastplate was scratched and dented from battle, his blue-and-red cloak stained by blood and smoke. At his side stood the Lord Tytos blackwood, a trying pike of a man with block-cropped salt-and-pepper whiskers and a hook nose. His keen yellow armor was in hardened with jet in elaborate vine-and-leaf patterns, and a cloak sewn from raven feathers draped his thin shoulders. It had been Lord Tytos who led the sortie that plucked her brother from the Lannister camp.Bring them in, Ser Edmure commanded. Three custody move down the stairs knee joint-deep in the water and pulled the boat close with long hooks. When Grey Win d bounded out, one of them dropped his pole and lurched back, stumbling and vex down abruptly in the river. The others laughed, and the man got a sheepish reckon on his face. Theon Greyjoy vaulted over the side of the boat and lifted Catelyn by the waist, setting her on a dry step above him as water lapped roughly his boots.Edmure came down the steps to embrace her. Sweet babe, he murmured hoarsely. He had deep blue eyes and a mouth make for smiles, just now he was not smiling now. He sceneed worn and tired, battered by battle and haggard from strain. His neck was bandaged where he had taken a wound. Catelyn hugged him fiercely.Your grief is mine, Cat, he state when they bust apart. When we heard about(predicate) Lord Eddard . . . the Lannisters provide pay, I swear it, you will ca-ca your vengeance. go forth that bring Ned back to me? she utter sharply. The wound was hitherto too newfangled for softer words. She could not think about Ned now. She would not. It would not do. She had to be strong. All that will restrain. I es moveial attend to Father.He awaits you in his solar, Edmure said.Lord Hoster is bedridden, my familiary, her fathers steward explained. When had that good man grown so old and grey? He instructed me to bring you to him at once.Ill take her. Edmure escorted her up the water stair and across the lower bailey, where Petyr Baelish and Brandon Stark had once crossed swords for her favor. The massive sandstone walls of the keep loomed above them. As they pushed through a door between twain guardsmen in fish-crest helms, she asked, How bad is he? dreading the answer even as she said the words.Edmures look was somber. He will not be with us long, the maesters say. The pain is . . . constant, and grievous.A blind rage filled her, a rage at all the world at her brother Edmure and her sister Lysa, at the Lannisters, at the maesters, at Ned and her father and the monstrous gods who would take them both away from her. You shoul d name told me, she said. You should gull sent word as soon as you knew.He forbade it. He did not postulate his enemies to know that he was dying. With the realm so troubled, he fe bed that if the Lannisters suspected how frail he was . . . . . . they might attack? Catelyn finished, hard. It was your doing, yours, a constituent whispered inside her. If you had not taken it upon yourself to seize the dwarf . . .They climbed the gyre stair in silence.The keep was triple-sided, like Riverrun itself, and Lord Hosters solar was three-sided as well, with a stone balcony that jutted out to the east like the stalk of well-nigh great sandstone ship. From there the manufacturer of the castle could look down on his walls and battlements, and beyond, to where the waters met. They had moved her fathers bed out onto the balcony. He likes to sit in the sun and watch the rivers, Edmure explained. Father, watch who Ive brought. Cat has come to see you . . . Hoster Tully had always been a monumental man tall and broad in his youth, portly as he grew older. Now he counted shrunken, the muscle and nerve center melted off his bones. Even his face sagged. The last time Catelyn had seen him, his hair and beard had been brown, well streaked with grey. Now they had kaput(p) white as snow.His eyes opened to the sound of Edmures verbalize. Little cat, he murmured in a articulate thin and wispy and wracked by pain. My little cat. A tremulous smile touched his face as his hand groped for hers. I watched for you . . . I shall come out you to talk, her brother said, kissing their lord father gently on the brow onward he withdrew.Catelyn knelt and took her fathers hand in hers. It was a big hand, further fleshless now, the bones moving loosely under the skin, all the specialism gone from it. You should have told me, she said. A rider, a raven . . . Riders atomic number 18 taken, questioned, he answered. Ravens are brought down . . . A spasm of pain took him, and his fin gers clutched hers hard. The crabs are in my belly . . . pinching, always pinching. Day and night. They have fierce claws, the crabs. Maester Vyman makes me dreamwine, take out of the poppy . . . I sleep a lot . . . but I cherished to be awake to see you, when you came. I was afraid . . . when the Lannisters took your brother, the camps all around us . . . was afraid I would go, onwards I could see you again . . . I was afraid . . . Im here, Father, she said. With Robb, my password. Hell compulsion to see you too.Your boy, he whispered. He had my eyes, I remember . . . He did, and does. And weve brought you Jaime Lannister, in irons. Riverrun is free again, Father.Lord Hoster smiled. I saw. conk night, when it began, I told them . . . had to see. They carried me to the gatehouse . . . watched from the battlements. Ah, that was beautiful . . . the torches came in a wave, I could hear the cries vagrant across the river . . . sweet cries . . . when that siege tower went up, god s . . . would have died thusly, and glad, if only I could have seen you youngsterren first-year. Was it your boy who did it? Was it your Robb?Yes, Catelyn said, fiercely proud. It was Robb . . . and Brynden. Your brother is here as well, my lord.Him. Her fathers voice was a faint whisper. The cachalot . . . came back? From the Vale?Yes.And Lysa? A cool off wind moved through his thin white hair. Gods be good, your sister . . . did she come as well?He sounded so full of take to and yearning that it was hard to herald the truth. No. Im sorry . . . Oh. His face fell, and both(prenominal) light went out of his eyes. Id hoped I would have liked to see her, beforehand . . . Shes with her son, in the eyrie.Lord Hoster gave a weary nod. Lord Robert now, poor Arryns gone . . . I remember . . . why did she not come with you?She is frightened, my lord. In the Eyrie she feels safe. She kissed his wrinkled brow. Robb will be waiting. leave behind you see him? And Brynden?Your son, he whispered. Yes. Cats child . . . he had my eyes, I remember. When he was born. Bring him . . . yes.And your brother?Her father glanced out over the rivers. Blackfish, he said. Has he wed yet? Taken some . . . girl to wife?Even on his deathbed, Catelyn vox populi sadly. He has not wed. You know that, Father. Nor will he ever.I told him . . . commanded him. Marry I was his lord. He knows. My right, to make his match. A good match. A Redwyne. Old House. Sweet girl, sensibly . . . freckles . . . Beth any, yes. Poor child. Still waiting. Yes. Still . . . Bethany Redwyne wed Lord Rowan geezerhood ago, Catelyn reminded him. She has three children by him.Even so, Lord Hoster muttered. Even so. Spit on the girl. The Redwynes. Spit on me. His lord, his brother . . . that Blackfish. I had other offers. Lord Brackens girl. Walder Frey . . . any of three, he said . . . Has he wed? Anyone? Anyone?No one, Catelyn said, yet he has come many leagues to see you, fighting his way back to Riverrun. I would not be here now, if Ser Brynden had not helped us.He was ever a warrior, her father husked. That he could do. Knight of the Gate, yes. He leaned back and closed his eyes, inutterably weary. charge him. Later. Ill sleep now. Too sick to fight. Send him up later, the Blackfish . . . Catelyn kissed him gently, smoothen his hair, and left him there in the shade of his keep, with his rivers flowing beneath. He was torpid before she left the solar.When she returned to the lower bailey, Ser Brynden Tully stood on the water stairs with close boots, tal pansy with the captain of Riverruns guards. He came to her at once. Is heDying, she said. As we feared.Her uncles hilly face showed his pain plain. He ran his fingers through his thick grey hair. Will he see me?She nodded. He says he is too sick to fight.Brynden Blackfish chuckled. I am too old a soldier to intend that. Hoster will be chiding me about the Redwyne girl even as we light his funeral pyre, damn his bones. Catelyn sm iled, knowing it was true. I do not see Robb.He went with Greyjoy to the hall, I believe.Theon Greyjoy was after parted on a bench in Riverruns Great Hall, enjoying a horn of ale and regaling her fathers garrison with an account of the slaughter in the verbalize Wood. Some tried to flee, but wed pinched the valley boot out at both ends, and we rode out of the darkness with sword and lance. The Lannisters must have vista the Others themselves were on them when that wolf of Robbs got in among them. I saw him agitate one mans arm from his shoulder, and their horses went mad at the scent of him. I couldnt tell you how many men were thrownTheon, she interrupted, where might I find my son?Lord Robb went to visit the godswood, my doll.It was what Ned would have done. He is his fathers son as some(prenominal) as mine, I must remember. Oh, gods, Ned . . .She found Robb beneath the green canopy of leaves, surrounded by tall redwoods and great old elms, kneeling before the heart tree, a slender weirwood with a face much sad than fierce. His longsword was before him, the point thrust in the earth, his gloved hands clasped around the hilt. Around him others knelt Greatjon Umber, Rickard Karstark, Maege Mormont, Galbart Glover, and more. Even Tytos Blackwood was among them, the great raven cloak fan out behind him. These are the ones who keep the old gods, she realized. She asked herself what gods she kept these days, and could not find an answer.It would not do to disturb them at their prayers. The gods must have their due . . . even cruel gods who would take Ned from her, and her lord father as well. So Catelyn waited. The river wind moved through the high branches, and she could see the Wheel Tower to her right, ivy crawling up its side. As she stood there, all the memories came deluge back to her. Her father had taught her to ride amongst these trees, and that was the elm that Edmure had fallen from when he broke his arm, and over there, beneath that bower, she and Lysa had played at kissing with Petyr.She had not thought of that in years. How young they all had beenshe no older than Sansa, Lysa younger than Arya, and Petyr younger neertheless, yet eager. The girls had traded him between them, serious and giggling by turns. It came back to her so vividly she could well-nigh feel his sweaty fingers on her shoulders and taste the mint on his breath. thither was always mint growing in the godswood, and Petyr had liked to chew it. He had been such a bold little boy, always in trouble. He tried to put his tongue in my mouth, Catelyn had confessed to her sister afterward, when they were alone. He did with me too, Lysa had whispered, faint-hearted and breathless. I liked it.Robb got to his feet slowly and sheathed his sword, and Catelyn found herself wondering whether her son had ever kissed a girl in the godswood. Surely he must have. She had seen Jeyne Poole giving him moist-eyed glances, and some of the serving girls, even ones as old as eighteen . . . he had ridden in battle and killed men with a sword, surely he had been kissed. There were tears in her eyes. She wiped them away angrily.Mother, Robb said when he saw her standing there. We must mobilize a council. There are things to be decided.Your grandfather would like to see you, she said. Robb, hes very sick.Ser Edmure told me. I am sorry, Mother . . . for Lord Hoster and for you. Yet first we must meet. Weve had word from the south. Renly Baratheon has claimed his brothers crown.Renly? she said, shocked. I had thought, surely it would be Lord Stannis . . . So did we all, my lady, Galbart Glover said.The war council convened in the Great Hall, at four long trestle tables clothed in a gloomy square. Lord Hoster was too weak to attend, asleep on his balcony, dreaming of the sun on the rivers of his youth. Edmure sit in the high rear of the Tullys, with Brynden Blackfish at his side, and his fathers bannermen arrayed to right and left and along the side tabl es. Word of the achievement at Riverrun had spread to the fugitive lords of the Trident, drawing them back. Karyl Vance came in, a lord now, his father dead beneath the Golden Tooth. Ser Marq bagpiper was with him, and they brought a Darry, Ser Raymuns son, a lad no older than Bran. Lord Jonos Bracken arrived from the ruins of Stone Hedge, glowering and blustering, and took a seat as far from Tytos Blackwood as the tables would permit.The northern lords sit opposite, with Catelyn and Robb facing her brother across the tables. They were fewer. The Greatjon sat at Robbs left hand, and then Theon Greyjoy Galbart Glover and Lady Mormont were to the right of Catelyn. Lord Rickard Karstark, gaunt and hollow-eyed in his grief, took his seat like a man in a nightmare, his long beard uncombed and unwashed. He had left two sons dead in the Whispering Wood, and there was no word of the third, his eldest, who had led the Karstark spears against Tywin Lannister on the Green Fork.The argue rage d on late into the night. Each lord had a right to treat, and speak they did . . . and shout, and curse, and reason, and cajole, and jest, and bargain, and slam tankards on the table, and threaten, and walk out, and return sullen or smiling. Catelyn sat and listened to it all.Roose Bolton had re-formed the battered remnants of their other host at the mouth of the causeway. Ser Helman Tallhart and Walder Frey even-tempered held the Twins. Lord Tywins army had crossed the Trident, and was making for Harrenhal. And there were two kings in the realm. Two kings, and no agreement.Many of the lords bannermen wanted to march on Harrenhal at once, to meet Lord Tywin and end Lannister power for all time. Young, hot-tempered Marq Piper urged a strike west at Casterly Rock instead. Still others counseled patience. Riverrun sat athwart the Lannister supply lines, Jason Mallister pointed out let them bide their time, denying Lord Tywin freshly levies and provisions while they strengthened thei r defenses and rested their weary troops. Lord Blackwood would have none of it. They should finish the work they began in the Whispering Wood. expose to Harrenhal and bring Roose Boltons army down as well. What Blackwood urged, Bracken opposed, as ever Lord Jonos Bracken rose to insist they ought pledge their obedience to queer Renly, and move south to join their might to his.Renly is not the king, Robb said. It was the first time her son had spoken. Like his father, he knew how to listen.You cannot mean to hold to Joffrey, my lord, Galbart Glover said. He put your father to death.That makes him evil, Robb replied. I do not know that it makes Renly king. Joffrey is still Roberts eldest trueborn son, so the throne is rightfully his by all the laws of the realm. Were he to die, and I mean to see that he does, he has a younger brother. Tommen is next in line after Joffrey.Tommen is no less a Lannister, Ser Marq Piper snapped.As you say, said Robb, troubled. Yet if neither one is kin g, still, how could it be Lord Renly? Hes Roberts younger brother. Bran cant be Lord of Winterfell before me, and Renly cant be king before Lord Stannis.Lady Mormont agreed. Lord Stannis has the better claim.Renly is crowned, said Marq Piper. Highgarden and Storms barricade support his claim, and the Dornishmen will not be laggardly. If Winterfell and Riverrun add their strength to his, he will have five of the seven great houses behind him. Six, if the Arryns wake themselves Six against the Rock My lords, within the year, we will have all their heads on pikes, the queen and the boy king, Lord Tywin, the Imp, the mightslayer, Ser Kevan, all of them That is what we shall win if we join with King Renly. What does Lord Stannis have against that, that we should cast it all aside?The right, said Robb stubbornly. Catelyn thought he sounded eerily like his father as he said it.So you mean us to declare for Stannis? asked Edmure.I dont know, said Robb. I prayed to know what to do, but th e gods did not answer. The Lannisters killed my father for a traitor, and we know that was a lie, but if Joffrey is the lawful king and we fight against him, we will be traitors.My lord father would urge caution, aged Ser Stevron said, with the weaselly smile of a Frey. Wait, let these two kings play their game of thrones. When they are done fighting, we can bend our knees to the victor, or oppose him, as we choose. With Renly arming, likely Lord Tywin would welcome a cease-fire . . . and the safe return of his son. Noble lords, allow me to go to him at Harrenhal and arrange good terms and ransoms . . . A roar of outrage drowned out his voice. renegade the Greatjon thundered. Begging for a truce will make us seem weak, declared Lady Mormont. Ransoms be damned, we must not give up the Kingslayer, shouted Rickard Karstark.why not a peace? Catelyn asked.The lords looked at her, but it was Robbs eyes she felt, his and his alone. My lady, they murdered my lord father, your husband, he s aid grimly. He unornamented his longsword and laid it on the table before him, the bright steel on the rough wood. This is the only peace I have for Lannisters.The Greatjon bellowed his approval, and other men added their voices, shouting and drawing swords and pounding their fists on the table. Catelyn waited until they had quieted. My lords, she said then, Lord Eddard was your liege, but I shared his bed and bore his children. Do you think I love him any less than you? Her voice almost broke with her grief, but Catelyn took a long breath and steadied herself. Robb, if that sword could bring him back, I should neer let you sheathe it until Ned stood at my side once more . . . but he is gone, and hundred Whispering Woods will not change that. Ned is gone, and Daryn Hornwood, and Lord Karstarks valiant sons, and many other good men besides, and none of them will return to us. Must we have more deaths still?You are a woman, my lady, the Greatjon rumbled in his deep voice. Women do n ot show these things.You are the gentle sex, said Lord Karstark, with the lines of grief fresh on his face. A man has a need for vengeance.Give me Cersei Lannister, Lord Karstark, and you would see how gentle a woman can be, Catelyn replied. Perhaps I do not render tactics and strategy . . . but I understand futility. We went to war when Lannister armies were ravaging the riverlands, and Ned was a prisoner, falsely accused of treason. We fought to defend ourselves, and to win my lords freedom.Well, the one is done, and the other forever beyond our reach. I will rue for Ned until the end of my days, but I must think of the living. I want my daughters back, and the queen holds them still. If I must trade our four Lannisters for their two Starks, I will call that a bargain and thank the gods. I want you safe, Robb, ruling at Winterfell from your fathers seat. I want you to live your life, to kiss a girl and wed a woman and father a son. I want to write an end to this. I want to go h ome, my lords, and call for my husband.The hall was very quiet when Catelyn finished speaking.Peace, said her uncle Brynden. Peace is sweet, my lady . . . but on what terms? It is no good hammering your sword into a plowshare if you must forge it again on the morrow.What did Torrhen and my Eddard die for, if I am to return to Karhold with nothing but their bones? asked Rickard Karstark.Aye, said Lord Bracken. Gregor Clegane laid waste to my fields, slaughtered my smallfolk, and left Stone Hedge a smoking ruin. Am I now to bend the knee to the ones who sent him? What have we fought for, if we are to put all back as it was before?Lord Blackwood agreed, to Catelyns surprise and dismay. And if we do make peace with King Joffrey, are we not then traitors to King Renly? What if the stag should prevail against the lion, where would that leave us?Whatever you may decide for yourselves, I shall never call a Lannister my king, declared Marq Piper.Nor I yelled the little Darry boy. I never wi llAgain the shouting began. Catelyn sat despairing. She had come so close, she thought. They had almost listened, almost . . . but the moment was gone. There would be no peace, no chance to heal, no safety. She looked at her son, watched him as he listened to the lords debate, frowning, troubled, yet espouse to his war. He had pledged himself to marry a daughter of Walder Frey, but she saw his true bride plain before her now the sword he had laid on the table.Catelyn was thinking of her girls, wondering if she would ever see them again, when the Greatjon lurched to his feet.MY LORDS he shouted, his voice booming off the rafters. Here is what I say to these two kings He spat. Renly Baratheon is nothing to me, nor Stannis neither. Why should they rule over me and mine, from some flowery seat in Highgarden or Dorne? What do they know of the Wall or the wolfswood or the barrows of the First Men? Even their gods are wrong. The Others take the Lannisters too, Ive had a bellyful of them. He reached back over his shoulder and drew his immense two-handed greatsword. Why shouldnt we rule ourselves again? It was the dragons we married, and the dragons are all dead He pointed at Robb with the blade. There sits the only king I mean to bow my knee to, mlords, he thundered. The King in the northeasterlyAnd he knelt, and laid his sword at her sons feet.Ill have peace on those terms, Lord Karstark said. They can keep their red castle and their iron chair as well. He relieved his longsword from its scabbard. The King in the North he said, kneeling beside the Greatjon.Maege Mormont stood. The King of Winter she declared, and laid her spiked mace beside the swords. And the river lords were rising too, Blackwood and Bracken and Mallister, houses who had never been ruled from Winterfell, yet Catelyn watched them rise and draw their blades, bending their knees and shouting the old words that had not been heard in the realm for more than three hundred years, since Aegon the Drago n had come to make the Seven Kingdoms one . . . yet now were heard again, ringing from the timbers of her fathers hallThe King in the NorthThe King in the NorthTHE KING IN THE NORTH

Driver’s Ed Module 1 and 2 Reflection Journal

REFLECTION JOURNALName Rochonna Shaw Modules 1 & 2Module 1 Driving is Your ResponsibilityPlease function the following questions in complete sentences using meet spelling and grammar Complete the K-W-L information under.K- What you fill in List two things you hit the sack about driving.I know that you should always usurp a seat belt.I know that you should be cautious of your speed ascertain while driving.WWhat you Want to know List two things you want to know about driving.I would like to know the rules and regulations of driving.I would like to know the meaning of completely the different bridle-path signs.LWhat you Learned Identify at least two new things you in condition(p) from Module One.I learned that driving is a privilege.I learned that the majority of teen deaths are pay offd by vehicle hittings. Do you already have your learners permit? No If no, have you taken the 4 instant drug/alcohol certificate? NoModule 2 The Driver Please answer the following questionsA ha Moments Aha moments are times when you have been reading something and the text dead makes sense or becomes clear to you. Please use complete sentences and proper spelling and grammar. Describe trinity aha moments that you had as you worked through Module Two.How allow foring this information affect you as a device number one wood now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) OR If you did non have any aha moments, answer the questions below in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar List three characteristics of at risk drivers. An at risk driver is drivers who do not wear seat belts.An at risk driver is a driver who speeds or exceeds the speeding limit.An at risk driver is a driver who merges when it was safer to stop.List three characteristics of safe drivers. A safe driver is a driver who always wears their seat belt.A safe driver is a driver that scans the road to identify possible hazards ahead.A safe driver is a driver who uses their augur lights to a left o r right turn. List three driver errors that could cause a contact.A driving error that could cause a collision is running the traffic lightsA driving error that could cause a collision is driving under the influence if drugs and/or alcohol.A driving error that could cause a collision is driving while you are tired and sleepy.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) This information will affect me in a supreme way now and in the future. This information is providing me with the knowledge of what to do and what not to do as a driver.

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts

The following atomic number 18 the study problems cod were facing It mistakenly tied up the improvement, the look of stores, and the sales of machines and ingredients to find outher. Moreover, it was too aggressive. It was hungry to show its perfect performances to investors by beautifying their book abide by. From non- pecuniary perspective, at that place are serious drawbacks behind the expanding, and the growing numbers of stores made the K Doughnuts everywhere, which made customers lost their feelings of freshness of It.As the case mentioned, boor raised Its bribe equipment casualty on the Michigan franchise In regularize to get the Interest of loans back and KID recorded the entertain under as an immediate income, profit. In the meanwhile, it booked the cost of buyback the franchise and the retri justion to the executive as an intangible asset, which the company did not amortize. In my opinion, the liaison should be recorded under fair-mindedness and the cost and payment could be booked as properties, cost, or at least they need to be amortized.KID got the interest from the franchise and successfully raised Its taxation to attract Investors that it in fact sacrificed Its hardliners benefits by offering an over value purchasing prize. Moreover, keeping the previous executive till the trade closed and fine-looking a huge amount of compensation makes me wonder if there was an inside(a) trade. Exhibit 1, 2& 3 shows the unhealthy growth of KID. Compared to the growth of sum revenues in the whole company, revenue that each stores contributed (total revenue/ total manufacturing plant stores) was not increasing accordingly.On the contrary, the expansion of stores brought the corporation full(prenominal) expenses and venture. The cost of curtain raising a new store, aqualung It and close It was paid in vain. The number of stores grew too quickly. The exhibit also shows the abnormal high value of stock- toll patterns compared to the S 500 Com posite Index but it was finally d proclaim to the earth in the end of 2004 influenced by the divesting of t Mills and closing down of 3 underperformed stores.Viewing the company structure, revenues were generated from on-premises retail sales at company-owned stores ( report for 27% of revenues) off-premises sales to market place and convenience stores (40%) manufacturing and diffusion of crossway mix and machinery (29%1 and franchisee loyalties and fees (4%). Actually, the ideal revenue resources of this kind of corporation should mainly come from the franchisee royalties and fees but not from distribution of mix and machine. The company supposed to boost the sales of its main product doughnuts but not to expansion blindly.Once its doughnuts become popular and profitable, people volition be go forthing to get In to the business and pay KID franchisee royalties and fees. However, the realistic was many units were losing money off-premises, and franchisees were not motivated to grow their sales, which fleets a governance problem in this corporate that the company itself did not has uncouth benefits with its franchisees. The stock price of KID was fluctuated severely in recent days and the suggestions of buy, sell or hold from analysts were closely related to the stock price and scandal. ND January 2005, when the stock price was at its peak, at 22. 51 dollars per dowry (first under estimate), at 15. 71 dollars per share (divested Montana Mills) and at less(prenominal) than 10 dollars per share (credit-facility defaulted). Crispy Seekers share price was $40. 63 reform after its PIP, giving the firm a market capitalization of most $500 lions. The stock price might be over value at first beca role KID was so popular at the sentence and therefore the public drove up the price. After a serial of problem, the company restated its financial statements for the PAYOFF, which reduced pretax income by between $6. Million and $8. 1 million. This movement sharp ly decreased the tax expenses of the company, which is proved by items of income ahead income taxes, provision for income taxes and income taxes refundable in Exhibit 2. It is strange that given a Brobdingnagian amount of amortized intangible asset, the company still ad a high level of tax shield as shows in the depreciation and amortization expenses from Exhibit 1 . Thus, the company might be showing a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) profit for investors but lower income for tax purposes, changing the treatment of amortization between the two.This practice violated the requests and rules in GAP. Knowing the accounting tricks that KID was playing, people can approximately calculate its book value by amortizing its asset, increasing its cost and tax, which leads to a deduction of profit. Influenced by the divesting of Montana Mills, the interest expenses, income tax refundable, long-term notes receivable, Joint venture ND intangible in 2004 increased dramatically and the share pric e dipped compared to them in 2003 as we can see from the Exhibit 1&2.However, it is odd that the interest expense raised so much when then the long-term debt decreased. Furthermore, from the Debit-to- equity ratio in Exhibit 7, we can see that the level of debt and financial distress went down in 2004. Therefore, guess is that the company might use the total long-term liabilities in calculating the interest expenses in order to have more tax benefits. As its known to all that the higher the ratio of liquidity, average, activity and profitability are the better the companys topographic point is in.Compared to early(a) quick-service restaurants in Exhibits, only the receivables turnover and inventory turnover of KID was jolly lower than the average, which means the corporation was not performing absolutely badly. And in Exhibit 9, when comparing to average restaurant, Kids cash & equivalents, notes payable, long-term debt, income taxes payable, all otherwise current were much more lower and the trade receivables, intangibles, deferred taxes and shareholders equity were higher than the common stores.Unexpectedly, the net income of KID on May 9, 2004 was negative 24,458, but it went up to positive 5,763 three months later on August 1, 2004. How could the situation be turned around in such a small time? As a matter of fact, an over-valued stock price will eventually go down to what it supposed to be in a high efficient market. This is one of the reasons that the bubble of the stock broke and the price slumped. Along with the revelation about the companys franchise accounting practices and the wrong operational methods, they explained the devalued of its stock.I think the doughnuts company should not rely heir profit on the sales of high margin machines but to make its literal product (signature doughnuts) better since it contributed around 60% to the total sales. In the meanwhile, KID should inherit its factory style, which provides newly baked fresh healthy prune among people influenced the sales of its products, improve their ingredients or explore new recipes are necessary. Furthermore, through research and sufficient preparation are important to begin with exploring overseas market or expansion. KID already had its brand, goodwill and own steady customer group, it still has a chance to fight back.

Perfect Pizzeria Essay

utter(a) pizza parlor Restaurants is a chain of 125 pizza establishments around the country with render in Madison, Wisconsin. There be three offices in Bloomington, indium provided they have financial and employee chores particular(a)ly at the location near the Indiana University campus.Each location has one director and 2 gaffe leaders. The employees are mostly college students, with a few high school students performing the less(prenominal) ch totallyenging jobs. Nearly all of the employees, with the exception of some theatre directors, are utilise part-time and most earned exclusively the minimum wage or slightly above.To address the financial problems, the Perfect Pizzeria private instructors compen sit downion plan was changed to now being based on aliment and beverage costs and profit targets. If the percentage of food unsold or damaged is very low, the coach-and-four gets a bonus. If the percentage is high, the manager does non receive a bonus rather he or sh e receives only his or her normal salary. Their compensation is also reflected in the restaurants profit figures which also must reach a certain moot aim for the manager to receive a bonus. Thus the managers k radical the criteria being used for their valuation and therefore where to focus their efforts.These profit and loss figures often fluctuate. Knowing the manager can non be in the storage 24 hours a day, some employees pass on up for their low paychecks by helping themselves to the food. When a champ comes in to order a pizza, extra ingredients are put on the friends pizza. An occasional slice or two of pizza by the 18 to 20 employees through place the day/evening at the become table also raises the percentage figure. An occasional bucket of sauce may be spilled or a pizza accidentally burned. Sometimes the violate size of pizza may be do.In the event of an employee erroneousness or a burned pizza by the oven person, theexpense is hypothetical to come from the indiv idual employee. Because of peer pressure, the night manager seldom writes up a bill for the erring employee. Instead the establishment takes the loss and the fracture goes unnoticed until the end of the month when the inventory is taken. Thats when the manager finds out if the food loss percentage is high and if there will be a bonus.(Next page)Over time these loss figures increased. To address these problems at the Bloomington location, the manager took retaliatory measures. Previously, each employee was entitled to a free pizza slice, salad, and all the soft drinks he or she could drink for every 4 hours of work. focus mulish to raise this figure to 6 hours of work before every free food. Since the employees had received this free food after 4-hours benefit for a long time they frequently ignored the rule and took advantage of the accompaniment whenever the manager was not in the building.Therefore, the Perfect Pizzeria manager decided to create an assistant manager position w hich could more closely cope the shift leaders. Each shift leader was now responsible for a team of 3 4 employees who were utilizen circumstantial responsibilities for a particular job such as counter, delivery, food preparation, etc.Employee apathy grew indoors the pizzeria. There seemed to be a further separation between the store manager and his workers, who were once a closely knit group. The manager made no attempt to alleviate the problem, because he felt it would iron itself out. The employees who were dissatisfied would quit or they would be content to put up with the new regulations. As it turned out, there were many employee resignations. The manager had no problem in filling the vacancies with new workers, but the loss of experienced military force was costly to the business.It didnt take long for the new employees to become influenced by the more experienced employees and the unsold/damaged food percentage remained high. therefore the manager took a bolder step. He eliminated all the benefits that the employees had no free pizzas, salads, or drinks. The manager triedstill another approach to alleviate the rising unsold/damaged food percentage problem and maintain his bonus. He placed a notice on the bulletin board, stating that if the percentage remained at a high level, a lie detector test would be given to all employees.All those found guilty of taking or intentionally wasting food or drinks would be immediately terminated. This did not have the desired effect on the employees, because they knew if they were all subjected to the test, all would be found guilty and the manager would have to dismiss all of them. This would permit him in a worse situation than ever.As the manager sat in his office listening to his beloved Cubs baseball game, he analyzed the months profit/loss statements and knew things were not going to be good. What he did not expect was that the percentage was in reality increasing from previous months.Another problem developed at the Bloomington campus location when Jennifer, a recently hired night shift counter shop clerk filed a complaint with the regional manager. She stated in her complaint that she was ever so required to work the late shift and Bill the night manager was becoming a bit too friendly. In position her complaint stated, the only way she could get off from work anterior than other employees was if she would agree to meet Bill on their nights off at Hoosiers, a popular college student club down the street from Perfect Pizzeria.Additionally, there was a formal complaint from a group of mannish employees that only the attractive female workers were being promoted to assistant managers or shift leaders even though the men had worked at the restaurant long than most of the promoted women.The cause assignment questions followPERFECT PIZZERIA pillowcase QUESTIONS( ravish type your responses by listing the question number/letter and then your answers to the questions.)1. List t wo different managerial functions/activities the manager has performed. Then give specific events or evidence from the case that explains these two management functions the manager has performed. 4. points)2a. Which of the managerial skills was the manager best at? Explain. 2b. Which of the managerial skills did the manager pack to improve? Explain. (4 points)3. List and/or give examples of four (4) different forces or factors from Perfect Pizzerias external environment. Then give a specific example of how each of these could have an impact on Perfect Pizzeria. Please be specific.(4 pts.)4a. The case mentions that some employees put extra ingredients on their friends pizza or take a nibble or two of pizza during their shift. Please discuss whether you feel this is ethical and your reasons why you feel this way. (2 pts.)4b. What actions could an organization take to prevent these potential ethical violations from happening based on the concepts in the textbook? Explain by applying these ideas to this case situation. (4 pts.)5. Review the organizational approaches to managing alteration from Chapter 6. Then discuss or give an example of how you would apply two of these concepts to address the complaints of the male employees regarding the unfair promotions? Be specific. (4 points)6. Give an example from the case of a poor management action and discuss two (2) specific ways you would correct the situation if you were the manager. (3 points)

Coke Financial Structure

pic Andrea R. Hart GB550 Financial Management supercilious 24, 2011 The Abstract The base of this look into paper depart be closely the big(p) construction of coca plant pinhead, This paper serves as a comparison of debt and equity. It will overhaul restrict the true valuate of the go with season similarly determine what their free cash flow is and the risk of infection level for the organization. The question that this research will try to answer is if the 125 year old social club is mo net incomearyly ready for another 125 years. The go with needs to sojourn liquid and keep its operating be low during times of inflation.The methodology that will be used will be multiple financial ratios to determine how the organization is operating and comp atomic number 18 to times of exponential increases in profits. My expected findings will be that coca plant booby will fill a minimal amount of free cash flow. There would be enough to remain liquid but also to remain co nciliative in starting new product lines or new confidements. coca plant cola already operates in over 200 countries and should seek to spread advertising efforts in recently adopted countries. I anticipate that the fraternity has endured over 125 years of economical, governmental and social upheavals.Financial StatementsI hope to give over that although in that location could be unpredicted unprecedented environmental events that coca poop will be able to continue operate. Table of Contents A preview of slap-up building issues 4 Business and financial risks link to keen anatomical structure.. 5 Modigliani and moth millers MM hood structure theory . 6 Criticisms of the MM exemplification and assumptions6 roof structure evidence and implications7Estimating the firms optimal capital structure8 References9 A preview of capital structure issues Capital structures of companies argon based on the amount of debt and equity a company holds. When a company begins to increas e their debt the company requires more than of a risk to investors because the company now has a higher chance that it may not be able to re contain its debts. Although if there is more debt an organization taxes crowd out be reduced because the organization is able to take out what it must pay as enkindle to investors and holders from being taxed.The higher cost of capital translates into a lower fair look upon estimate, and vice versa furthermore, seemingly small changes in cost of capital can educate a significant passing in a stocks fair value (Kathman, 2002). The giant beverage maker, thats in a fairly stable environment does not obtain very much debt. The company in the non-alcoholic beverage intentness, coca plant sesss cost of equity of 8. 6% when the industry average is 11. 67% and is a large influence on the WACC of 8. 4%. Although the company incurs an 8. 6 % cost on the equity the company has averaged a return on equity for the past five years of 30. %. A Compa ny with a high weighted average cost of capital could be considered a risky company or a company in a risky industry that mainly uses equity for funding. coca Colas debt to equity ratio is 23% however the total debt to equity has been on average for the past five years at 51% video display that the company uses only if half debt to finance growth within the company which is accurate for a company that is not quite so capital intensive. Although the company finds itself in a sanitary established industry, it must tacit make investments and use 51% of debt to finance the new growth.WACC and Free notes Flows impact a companys value. FCF is what would come back to a company after the investment was made to raise the company. FCF can determine if it is worth to take on an investment. Coca Colas occurrent Free Cash Flow is -546. 8 (COCA COLA CO (NYSEKO ), 2011). Business and financial risks related to capital structure There be many factors that could play into the financial risk of Coca Cola. The company itself, affiliates, subsidiaries, licence distributers and bottlers argon a risk factor to Coca Cola.Bottlers generate a significant portion of degree centigrades net operating revenues by selling concentrates and syrups to independent bottling partners. In 2009, approximately 79 percent of our ecumenical unit case volume was produced and distributed by bottling partners in which the Company did not have a controlling interest (ITEM 1A. essay FACTORS, 2010). The company also operates outside(a)ly which is additional business and financial risk to the company. International economies and political environments become a risk to an American investor when considering purchasing securities.Some business risk of the company implys the availability in Coca Colas finical ingredient of extracted coca leaf, the sustainment of a network that spans 200 countries, wellness concerns that cause a reduction in market demands. For the company to manipulate that it has enough cash flows must be able to have the base of trading operations to handle the large amount of demands. Being that Coca Cola is an international company it has opened its doors to many more financial risks. Risks with their international counterparts include fluctuations in foreign currency and exchange rates effecting financial results (ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS, 2010).If interest rates rise or new tax laws are forget me drug it would negatively impact net income. Increase in costsdue to shortages of supplies or materials to produce products or changes in accounting standards can all rival the risks of the company. Coca Cola monitors exposure to financial market risks using several(prenominal) objective measurement systems, including value-at-risk models. Value-at-risk calculations use a historical simulation model to estimate potential future losses in the fair value of our derivatives and other financial instruments that could occur as a result of perverse movements in foreign currency and interest rates (ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES active MARKET RISK, 2011). Modigliani and Millers MM capital structure theory The cardinal and basic assumption of the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure guess is that there is no major difference if a company were to fund its operations with the use of debt or using equity. The 1958 Modigliani-Miller Theorem was initially designed to show that the corporations capital structure decisions are not value increasing or diminish it has, however, become apparent that the theorem is far more general (MacMinn, 2011).The theory rests on assumptions that there are no brokers or bankruptcy costs, no taxes and that investors can borrow at the alike rate as the corporations and that EBIT is not moved(p) by the use of debt. In 1991 Miller explained that the theory any throw out from using more of what might seem to be cheaper debt is offset by the higher cost of now riskier equity and given a head y amount of total capital, the allocation of capital between debt and equity is irrelevant because the weighted average of the two costs of capital to the firm is the same for all possible combinations of the two (Villamil, 2010).Criticisms of the MM model and assumptions The same assumptions that the Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory is based on have been criticized. period the three Modigliani and Miller propositions make good sense and have become widely known there has been disagreement. Capital Structures that are designed to enhance value, the majority of the value is from the decisions that are made by financial managers. The value in the company is from the strategy that makes and it is the duty of the financial manager to make sure that the capital structure supports the strategy that the company is trying to pursue.Further, Coca Cola, initial strategy was to sell Ice cold Coca Colas to its customers. The company was able to successfully change its strategy t o only produce the syrup, the process was able to be broken down and some(prenominal) are able to reap values and benefits. By leaving capital structures to be independently determined by the bottlers and distributors, the structure of Coca Cola Holland and Coca Cola Japan to be different. Other theories have been created in spite of the MM model such as the Trade-Off Theory which takes into consideration the costs of bankruptcy.Capital structure evidence and implications Because of the low debt that Coca Cola has it also carries a low rate for taxes. In the last 5 years, half of Cokes worldwide investments include almost $20 billion dollars in capital expenditures and achievements in the U. S. In addition, each year, we invest over $10 billion dollars in our supply chain in the U. S. including $208 gazillion dollars that was spent this past year on supplies (Kent, 2010). In 2010, The Coca Cola Company acquired Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities.Coca Cola by purc hasing CCE, Coke will have a $100 million net pre-tax income benefit, however after adjusting to the impact of the full value of the stand simply debt Coke will have acquired a $200 million interest expense reduction. However Coke stands to benefit from the overall transaction with a pre tax benefit in 2011 of an estimated $300 million (Investors Information, 2010). CCE is still set to acquire bottlers in Germany, Sweden and Norway as part of the deal. With Coke becoming a producer and now a larger owner in bottling, this has changed the capital structure of the company.Estimating the firms optimal capital structure During the acquisition of Coca Cola Enterprises (CCE) assets and liabilities, Coca Colas shares decreased while CCE increased. With this transaction, we are converting passive capital into active capital, giving us learn control over our investment in North America to drive growth and drive long-term profitability Coke said, with the transactions that are expected to generate operational cost savings of approximately $350 million over four years for Coca-Cola and will add to earnings by 2012 (Gelsi & Spain, 2010).The current estimate of Cokes cost of debt is 7% as well as the WACC. (Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Ratings, News & abbreviation , 2911). If this amount were to increase it is possible that it could also increase the risk to investors. Cokes beta has been reported at . 59 and for the non-alcoholic beverage industry is average. With their current capital structure Coke has had a steady 6% in revenue growth. The company also recently acquired CCE their debts, liabilities as well as CCEs acquisitions which is why Cokes shares declined by 3. % (Gelsi & Spain, 2010). These changes were brought about due to economical conditions and felt the need to take over more operations. Although this acquisition effected their shares in the short term, the company has estimated that this change will save the company almost $350 million in oper ational costs in four years and will begin generating income by 2012. References Coca Cola (KO) Stock Research, Equity Ratings, News & Analysis . (2911). Retrieved lofty 23, 2011, from ValueInvesting 2. 0 http//www. wikiwealth. com/researchkoCOCA COLA CO (NYSEKO ). (2011, August). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Forbes. Com http//finapps. forbes. com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/Ratios. jsp? tkr=KO Ehrhardt, M. C. , & Brigham, E. F. (2009). Financial Management Theory and Practice. Mason South-Western. Freeland, K. , Gabruk, B. , Laidlaw, K. , Levine, J. , Michaels, M. , & Schramm, G. (1998, May 4). The Beverage manufacturing This Ones on the House Retrieved August 23, 2011, from Stern NYU. Edu http//people. stern. nyu. edu/adamodar/pdfiles/cfprojs/beverage. df Gelsi, S. , & Spain, W. (2010, Feb 25). Coca-Cola acquire CCE North American bottling business. Retrieved Aug 23, 2011, from The Wall Street Journal MarketWatch http//www. marketwatch. com/story/coca-cola-buying-north-amer ican-unit-of-cce-2010-02-25 Hines, J. J. (2007, March). Capital Structure with Risky Foreign Investment. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from Harvard Business School http//www. people. hbs. edu/ffoley/riskycap. pdf Investors Information. (2010, regrets 14). Retrieved Aug 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company ttp//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/modeling_2010. pdf ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS. (2010). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2009/04_Coca-Cola_Item1A-1B. pdf ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK. (2011). Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2006/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_07a. pdf Kale, J. R. , Noe, T. H. , & Ramirez, G. G. (Dec. , 1991).The Effect of Business Risk on bodily Capital Structure Theory and Evidence. The Journal of finance , 1693-1715. Kathman, D. (2002, December 20). why Discount Rates Matter. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MorningStarNews. Com http//news. morningstar. com/articlenet/article. aspx? id=84699&_QSBPA=Y Kent, M. (2010, May 19). Enhancing our National Competitiveness. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/dynamic/leadershipviewpoints/2010/05/enhancing-our-national-competitiveness-is-not-an-option. htmlMacMinn, R. (2011). Theorems in Corporate Finance . Retrieved August 23, 2011, from MacMinn. ORG http//macminn. org/Fin374/theorems/theorems. html The Coca Cola Company. (2011). Financial Statements. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from The Coca Cola Company. Com http//www. thecoca-colacompany. com/investors/financial_statements. html Villamil, A. P. (2010, March 10). The Modigliani-Miller Theorem. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from Econometrics at the University of Illinois http//www. econ. uiuc. edu/avillami/course-files/PalgraveRev_ModiglianiMiller_

Discuss how Baz Luhrman reaches his audience Essay

In this essay I am divergence to discuss how Baz Luhrman reaches his reference and establishes mood in his film reading of Romeo and Juliet. To do this I am going to discuss the difference between the screen feed and Shakespeargons original schoolbook, the writing style of the film, the mise-en- mental hand over, lighting, television camera shots and soundtrack. Baz Luhrman wanted to reach a immature auditory modality this is portrayed through clothing, the fast pace action, and the soundtrack. Luhrman may obligate wanted to reach a teen interview because in that respect is no other recent film adaptation of Shakespeargons plays catering for a teenage consultation.Baz Luhrman reaches his audience and establishes mood in the opening credits and prototypal scene of his film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet by his use of modernisation of the original text. The genre is communicated to the audience immediately in the opening credits in the screenplay. The prologue from the pl ay is used in the form of a news report. We then sample a voice over that sounds as if he is writing what he is saying. The main points of his speech ar shown in the form of newspaper headlines or flashed up on screen. When we adjudicate the voice over stating the prologue his last terminal line is, A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life. This is the last sentence flashed on screen beforehand the audience see the characters picture and their name in a freeze frame. Luhrman could render done this to show the audience who the attainable main suspects were for the cause of Romeo and Juliets deaths. There ar shots of the film shown in quick succession which builds to a climax. In these shots are images of shooting, fast cars and police. These every last(predicate) show conflict, action and death i. e. cataclysm. As the film progresses, it shows the audience that there are going to be deaths. Also the operatic music we hear be coiffures faster and faster.This goes well with the installment of quick film images helping to have the feeling of tragedy. In the news report there is a picture of a broken wedding ring, this besides helps to portray the message of tragedy and heartbreak. In the screenplay Shakespeares original text has been adapted to suit the modern audience. This is seen clear in the first scene at the gasolene station. The screenplay shows a Montague acerbic his thumb at the Capulets, whereas in Shakespeares original text, it is a Capulet that bites his thumb at the Montagues.The roles may have been reversed because the Montagues reckon childish and the Capulets are more serious. The biting of the thumb is an immature thing to do, therefore accommodate the Montagues. In Shakespeares text the Capulets are at fault for scratch the fight. In this screenplay both the Montagues and the Capulets are to blame for the fight. Baz Luhrman has adapted the original text in this way because he wanted to show that both families had appoin tment in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, and it was not more the Capulets fault then the Montagues. They were both at fault.To get this message across, Luhrman started at the beginning showing continuity. Also certain lines from Shakespeares text have been left out of the screenplay. For example, in the original text a Capulet states, Let us take the law of our sides, let them begin. hitherto this is not included in Baz Luhrmans screenplay. This maybe because he wanted to list their actions and statements spontaneous. If he had included that line it would have shown that they have thought some their actions, which could then lead to the Montagues being the cause of the fight.The film is lay out in Southern California. The first scene is set in a petrol station this is so there can be a fire at the end of the scene. The cars both families drive have the first three letters of their family name as the license plate, which would make the audience believe they are wealthy. The Ca pulets car is dispirited signifying evil, whereas the Montagues car is bright unveil their childlike, playful personalities. The Capulets guns have their family logo on it and the word firebrand (because it was the term used for gun at that time) as do the Montagues.The Montagues are portrayed in quite a laddish manner and come across as harmless. They wear bright coloured clothing, have faded hair, bald heads, fair complexions, clean shaven skin and behave scandalously. They seem more like boys, rather then men and come across as quite laid back and relaxed. These characteristics show their personality. The Capulets have a Latino look about them they have a darker complexion, dark facial hair, and are stylishly dressed. Stereotypical archetypes (dark meaning villainous).They have wily gelled back hair which suggests to the audience that they take pride in their style and like to display their wealth. With the Montagues, they do not seem to care what muckle think and so do no t dress to impress. The Capulets also have liquid heeled boots and one in particular has a silver cap over his excrete teeth saying sin. This shows the Capulets hypocrisy because they wear Catholic waistcoats. A better example of the Capulets hypocrisy is Tybalt who has a picture of God on his waistcoat and says he hates the word peace.Because the Capulets are conscious of their reputation, they are acute not to be insulted. Tybalt is smoking a cigarette in the petrol station showing rebellious behaviour and a danger to others. irrelevant the Montagues who appear harmless. During the gunfight, the Montagues continuously fire off laughingstock and the Capulets shoot accurately and have a stylish handling of their guns, (Tybalt in particular). This along with appearance and behaviour, show the audience aspects of the character and a contrast of personality.There are a variety of camera shots in the opening credits of the film. There is lots of zoom in and out, when linguistic p rocess flash up on screen and fast panning. There are high and low angle shots in a rapid sequence which creates visual excitement it is very dramatic and al or so confusing. Luhrman chose to use these types of camera shots because it escalates to a climax and adds to the mood being created. The first scene is top lit, has a quick fiery pace, uses slow motion when Tybalt drops a sum up and his cigarette. This creates suspense.There are lots of close ups used and one of most significant is the close up of the eyes (Benvolio and Tybalt, highlighting their evil intent) before the gunfight. This shoes intensity. Fast moving cameras make it hard to keep up with the action. This affect has been produced via the editing and helped with the formation of mood. Also a comical imprint is created when a woman in a car is hitting a Montague in the head with her handbag. This is to try and relax the atmosphere because the scene is so tense. Luhrman has used a steady camera shot to involve the a udience into the movie.This also adds tension as it makes the audience feel as if they are part of the gunfight. The operatic music in the opening credits reaches a climax. In the first scene, the Montague boys have their own introductory music called The Boys. It is an up beat retro sound uncover their adolescent characters. This caters for the teenage audience Luhrman is trying to reach because it is a modern style of music revealing their adolescent characters. The Capulets have a Western type music mirroring a cow boy style to represent their villainous characters.The soundtracks introducing the deuce families give the audience a sense of their personalities. The sound effects of the screenplay are Western this creates a Country and Western style atmosphere and tells the audience there is going to be a gunfight. Also the pan pipes (symbolising the tin whistle of wind) and the creaking of a rusty sign, indicate a gunfight in the making and create a comical effect to relax the thick atmosphere. When the Montagues and Capulets meet there is complete silence suggesting the starting of a gunfight.During the gunfight there is a blend between opera and a western style of music, showing equality at that point. In this essay I have explained how Baz Luhrman has reached his audience and established mood in the opening credits and first scene in his film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet by his modernisation of Shakespeares original text. I have done this by discussing the genre, the difference between the screenplay and the text, the mise-en-scene, lighting and camera shots and the soundtrack. Baz Luhrman has made clear changes in his screenplay and has produced a successful modernised film of Romeo and Juliet.