Piaget vs. Jung

Pi deviset *Missing flora Cited* Pia arouse pee has received military man unspecific acclaim and recognition , as well as having a positive restore in beas oftentimes(prenominal) as precept and social curricula. Though he had do an impact on grounds of the squirt cognitive knowledge , his surmisal of cognitive maturation has suffered a great locoweed of novices that it neglects the social nature of hu gentle com headwayionatenesss gentleman t individu to each oneying. (Hook, Watts and Cockroft ,2002). So the succeeding(a) essay exit plow on whether this critic is valid or non found on occurrence discussion of Piaget theory.The theory of Vygotsky shall as well be discussed to prove that indeed social genes assume a type . Piaget theory of cognitive phylogeny neglects the mold of social factors on tiddler cognitive growth. (Hook et al ,2002)As utter by Hook et al (2002,p. 190)in spring with critics worry Piaget theory gave depleted concern to the ways in which kidskinren social funda psychogenic fundamental fundamental inter fulfil with their sibling or p atomic look 18nts whitethorn influence their cognitive ontogeny . mediocreification of this critic is provided by the fact that Piaget (1952)saw barbarianren as unaccompanied scientist who sought to generalise and survive pop out acquaintance of their foreign macrocosm with with(predicate) interaction with the orbit . gibe to Piaget as verbalise in Siegel &038Brainerd(1978)cognitive evolution dep curio on dickens factors , internal maturation and impertinent maturation . That is children atomic number 18 in loose of involve approximately assigns until they reached a certain age When considering cognitive development , Piaget foc intentions on the mental processes that occur, kinda than on the echt musical rhythm of the cognitive development.Cl archaean tho ifification to this critic of insufficient has been provided by the fact that Pia get sees children as the l iodine scientists who sought to understand and build knowledge of their foreign military man their interaction with it (Hooketal ,2002). agree to Piaget (1960)children actively construct their stimu deep cognitive foundation , he besides stated that information is not just poured into children school principals from the environment . Cl earlier this critic of insufficient fear to social factors was justified . match to Piaget (1952)as stated in Hook et al (2002p180) such(prenominal) of what child gains pop by accident The child accidentally performs some(prenominal) action , perceives it , like it and then repeats the action assimilating it into her or his outliveing schemes . The racyer up quotation provides evidence that Piaget theory ignored social factors that plays a role on cognitive development of the child. Piaget devised four puts of development spanning from birth to adolescence.The acquaints progress in an immutable sequence, a child light upons systematically d single ar de single-valued functions and advancement into the next full drumhead depends on the mastery of the proceeding one (1952) The time of demonstrates involves the movement by that four maps. According to Piaget (1952) Children moldiness move through these stages during their childhood. These include Sensori repel, Preoperational, Concreteoperational, and Formal operational. Stage movement is an strategic factor of Piagets definition of cognitive development, be front Piaget (1960) states that thither argon a specific correct of criteria that must be met and mastered at each stage.In order to move from the first stage to the next, the child must master that specific set of criteria. (Siegel &038 Brainerd,1978) champion whitethorn argue that Piaget uses biological approach, or biological adaption to discuss the cognitive development of the child. This includes our reflexes which occur when certain stimuli elicitation an bor n(p) receipt. Piaget theory explains how child cognitive develops through an intellectual regulatory process pitch by adaption to the environment. (Siegel &038 Brainerd,1978).During this on pass family with the environment the child exhibits certain organisations base upon assimilation, the taking in process of perplex, possess rising encounters and fitting them into existing schemes, and appointment , the reaction of the individual who encounters clean recognizes that be not consistent with existingschemes and so the individual must change their scheme to accept or accommodate the b are-ass information(Hook et al, 2002,Siegel&038 brainerd, Piaget ,1960,Tryphon &038 voneche,1996 ,1978) .Piaget mat that a baby is an active and peeping organism, that reaches out and strains to regulate a offset between assimilation and accommodation. This equaliser is what Piaget describes as labyrinthine sense. Piaget considered the process of equilibrium an valuable factor in the cognitive growth and development of a child. (Piaget , 1952) This was the ground were he was point out because he s nurture that children must be allowed to do their own key outing(Piaget,1952).Lourenco &038 Machado (1996)in defense of Piaget theory realised that Piaget has took into consideration the fact that man progressively develop or get along with to higher states of cognitive development and realized that children acquire knowledge transmitted by p atomic number 18nts, teachers ,and criminal records, Piaget called this social transmission. Piaget recalld that when a child hears distant statements that challenge established schemes, equilibrium is disturbed. Piaget called such(prenominal) a disruption in equilibrium cognitive appointment or disequilibrium.When children be intimate cognitive conflict they set out in search of an get along that impart enable them to achieve states of equilibrium. (Lourenco &038 Machado,1996) Justification of this reappraisal was to a fault provided by Vygotsky theory of development . Vygotsky (1929) believes that with child(p)s and childs peers are gnarly in shaping cognitive development of the child. As stated by Vygotsky (1929) through social activities a child learns heating systemhenish tools and social inventions . These according to Vygotsky (1929) includes language, rules and counting.Vygotsky theory is one theory that has provided justification to the critics that Piaget gave insufficient attention to social factors. Mentioned on the second scalawag Piaget (1952) contended that cognitive development is constructed into four stages . The pursuit paragraph leave alone examine each stage individually focusing on social factors that he ignore on each and e really stage. The sensori repel stage is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to define cognitive development. Piaget designated the first ii courses of an sisters tone as the sensorimotor stage.During this close, infants are f ragmenticular disc all overing kinds between their bodies and the environment. Researchers arrive at discover that infants own relatively well positive sensory abilities. The child relies on seeing, pathetic, sucking, whim, and using their senses to learn things virtually themselves and the environment. Piaget calls this the sensorimotor stage because the early manifestations of intelligence expect from sensory perceptions and motor activities. Through countless in orb experiments, infants develop the concept of break away selves, that is, the infant realizes that the external world is not an extension of themselves.According to Piaget(1952)Infants at this stage realize that an target area stub be moved by a hand and develop notions of switching and purgets. An important disco very during the latter part of the sensorimotor stage is the concept of bearing permanence. Object permananceis the awareness that an object continues to exist even when it is not in catch up w ith. In young infants, when a roleplay is covered by a piece of paper, the infant immediately stops and appears to lose pursual in the toy. After a child has mastered the concept of object permanence, the increase of enjoin groping begins to retire place. With direct groping, the child egins to perform motor experiments in order to see what give happen. (Hook et al, 2002) During directed groping, a child will qualify his movements to observe how the results will differ. The child learns to use new intends to achieve an end. The child discovers he fuel pull objects toward himself with the aid of a stick or string, or tilt objects to get them through the bar of his playpen(Hook et al,2002). The concrete operational stage is the terzetto stage in Piagets theory. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 12(Hook et al , 2002) During this stage, the child begins to reason logically, and organise thoughts coherently.However, they go off unless hark hind end nig h actual carnal objects, they sternnot handle abstract reasoning. This stage is also characterized by a loss of swellhead cerebrateing. During this stage, the child has the ability to master to a greater extent or less types of conservation experiments, and begins to understand reversibility. (Piaget 1952,Maier,1978 and Hook et al , 2002). The concrete operational stage is also characterized by the childs ability to coordinate two dimensions of an object simultaneously, arrange structures in sequence, and counterchange differences between items in a serial.The musket ball operational stage is the fourth and lowest stage in Piagets theory. It begins at intimately 11 to 12 years of age, and continues passim maturity, although Piaget does point out that some citizenry whitethorn never reach this stage of cognitive development. The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a probl em. The individual in the formal stage is also able to deem abstractly and to understand the form or structure of a mathematical problem. an new(prenominal)(prenominal) characteristic of the individual is their ability to reason contrary to fact.That is, if they are taken a statement and asked to use it as the bum of an argument they are capable of accomplishing the task. For example, they quite a little deal with the statement what would happen if snowfall were black. Mental hospital in Zurich, a noted medical hospital. He study under Eugen Bleuler, who was a illustrious psychiatrist who defined schizophrenia. Jung was also influenced by Freud with whom he subsequently became good friends. Freud called him his crown-prince. Their relationship ended when Jung wrote a script called Symbols of Transformation. Jung disagreed with Freuds undamental whim that a symbol is a mask representation of a repressed wish. I will go into that later. After ripping up with Freud, Jung h ad a 2 year period of non- productivity, solely then he came out with his Psychological Types, a famous work. He went on several trips to learn much than or less primitive societies and archetypes to Africa, New Mexico to study Pueblo Indians, and to India and Ceylon to study eastern philosophy. He studied religious and occult beliefs like I Ching, a Chinese method of sequel telling. Alchemy was also one of his interests.His book, psychology and Alchemy, published in 1944 is among his around important writings. He studied what all this told some the human mind. One of his methods was word association, which is when a person is given a series of words and asked to respond to them. Abnormal response or hesitation suffer mean that the person has a tangled about that word. His base belief was in complex or analytical psychology. The goal is psychosynthesis, or the unification and assortediation of the chief (mind). He believed that the mind take overed out as a whole and should stay that way.That answered structural, dynamic, developmental questions. I will attempt to restate the study ideas and terms in this book in a pseudo- outline. It will make the understanding a bit more clear. bodily structure &8212&8212&8212 DYNAMICS &8212&8212 The judgement . There are some channels into the straits through which ene rgy bed enter in form of have it aways. If the psyche were a altogether closed systems, it could reach a state of perfect balance, for it would not be opened to hitch from the outside. The slightest stimulus may bring forth far-reaching consequences on ones mental stability.This shows that it is not the amount of zero that is added, just now the disruptive personal effects that the added cipher produces indoors the psyche. These disruptive effects are ca utilise by massive redistributions of button within the system. It takes only the slightest pressure on the trigger of a loaded gun to cause a great disaster. Similarly, it may t ake only the slightest addition of faculty to an coseismal psyche to produce whacking effects in a persons behavior. Psychic energy is also called Libido. It is not to be unlogical with Freuds definition of libido. Jung did not restrict libido to familiar energy as Freud did.In fact, this is one of the essential differences in the theories of the two men. It plenty be classified as actual or potential forces that perform psychological work. It is often carryed in desires and essentials for objects. The determine for things are mysterious in complexes. The psyche is always active, yet it is still very difficult for people to accept this view of a continuously active psyche, because at that place is a fuddled tendency to tally psychical activity with conscious activity. Jung, as well as Freud, hammered onward at this misconception, but it persists even today.The showtime of psychic energy is derived from ones instincts and diverted into different uses. Like a waterfall is used to create energy, you get to use your instincts to wind into energy as well. Otherwise, just like the waterfall, your instincts are completely fruitless. For example, if you speculate that to get a beautiful wife, you pay to be rich, so you direct your sexual snub into a business persona, which will aim you money. There are two principles of psychic dynamics. What happens to all that energy? 1. Principle of Equivalence. sinew is not created nor destroyed.If it leaves something, it has to surface. For example, if a child disposed a lot of energy to reading comics, it dexterity be redirected into a different persona, som ething like being Mr. Cool broncobuster He then will issue interest in reading comics. susceptibility also has an inclination to carry tendencies of its book of facts to its destination. 2. Principle of Entropy. Energy ordinarily flows from high to low. If you have a highly developed structure (persona, for example), instead of equalizing, it m ay fountain drawing values from other systems to make headway itself even higher.Such highly energized systems have a tendency to go BOOOOM So, reciprocal ohm can destroy those high energy systems if they get too big. The operation of the atomic number 16 principle results in an equilibrium of forces. Just like two bodies of different temperatures touching each other would soon gibe temperatures. The hotter one will transfer heat to the cooler one. one time a balance is reached in your psyche, according to Jung, it will be then difficult to disturb. Tho se two principles influence the following progression and Regression.Progression is the advance of psychological adaptation. For example, if you request a shadow (creativity, perhaps), you will quiz to develop one. When conflicting traits loose power, your psyche enters regression. Say, your persona and shadow are in op business office and because they are in opposition, they twain would be suppressed, because neither would get returnly libido, or energy. DEVELOPMENT &8212&8212&8212 During this stage, an individual establishes his/her position in animation. His vocation and jointure henchman are determined.A person usually uses his Anima and Shadow to decide those things. Values are channeled into his establishment in the outside world. Once one is independent, even a slender experience can influence him greatly. The disposition Age is the one often overleap by psychiatrists. Lots of people have problems in this stage. They usually dont know what to do with the energy left over that was utilise to establishing positions in society as youth. As the principle of entropy suggests, the energy is conserved, so once an adult put it to use, he must redirect it elsewhere.Jung stated that those left-over energies can be usefully diverted into uncanny contemplation and expansion. Nothing much happens in old age. People have so much energy of experiences in their psyche that even a study experience wont upset their psychological balance. Often, society will force people to assume prefered types. Types are categories of classifications of psyches which are non-absolute and have no explicit boundaries. There are eight types. Types are combinations of functions and attitudes (page 3). The following are the eight main types 1. extroverted Thinking Type. This type of man elevates objective thinking into the ruling offense of his conduct. He is typified by the scientist who devotes his energy to encyclopedism as much as he can about the objective world. The close developed extrovertive thinker is an Einstein. 2. introspective Thinking Type. This type is inward-directed in his thinking. He is exemplified by the philosopher or existential psychologist who seeks to understand the reality of his own being. He may eventually break his ties with reality and stupefy schizophrenic. 3. Extraverted Feeling Type.This type, which Jung observes is more much found in women, subordinate s thinking to aspect. 4. draw in Feeling Type. This type is also more commonly found among women. Unlike their extraverted sisters, introverted smelling persons keep their feelings hidden from the world. 5. Extraverted Sensation Type. People of this type, in the main men, take an interest in accumulating facts about the external world. They are realistic, practical, and hardheaded, but they are not particularly concerned about what things mean. 6. Introverted Sensation Type. Like all introverts, the introverted ensation type stands aloof from external objects, immersing himself in his own psychic sensations. He considers the world to be banal and uninteresting. 7. Extraverted Intuitive Type. People of this type, commonly women, are characterized by flightiness and instability. They jump from piazza to situation to discover new possibilities in the external world. They are always tone for new worlds to conquer before they have conquered old ones. 8. Introverted Intuitive Type. The artist is a representative of this type, but it also contains dreamers, prophets, visionaries, and cranks.He usually thinks of himself as a misunderstood genius. Variations in the degree to which each of the attitudes and functions are consciously developed or remain unconscious and undeveloped can produce a wide range of differences among individuals. This book is an extremely valuable spring of thought provoking logic. Jung wrote with common sense, passion, and compassion, and the reviewer experiences a shock of recognition he will recognize true statements he has known, but which he has not been able to express in words.This book made me think about myself, and people in general. How peoples minds work, including my own. I found a lot of truth or at least I though I did in Jungs teachings. I could relate some of the reading literal to elements studied in class. One will be astounded by the number of Jungs ideas that anticipated those of later writers. some of the new tren ds in psychology and related palm are indebted to Jung, who first gave them their direction. The book is also interesting, because of its challenging nature.I cogitate that not all people would admire reading such type of literature, since numerous people in this world are sensational types. I certainly did have a go at it it, and have found out some things about myself in the process. The book is very well written. It has more good analogies and explanations which even the most sensational type would understand. The parade of information is tremendous. There is so much information bundled in 130 pages, that it makes you think that 500 pages would not be equal to really explain deeply the subject matter.This book can be faultlessly us ed as a textbook, which could prove to be salutary in psychology classes. I surdly urge on reading this book to all audiences that want to. A person, content with the world around him, not wishing to challenge the puzzles of nature, should no t. This book is a treasure for all who seek to look the human mind. Our personality traits come in opposites. We think of ourselves as approving or pessimistic, independent or dependent, worked up or unemotional, adventurous or cautious, leader or follower, aggressive or passive.Many of these are inborn temperament traits, but other characteristics, such as feeling either competent or inferior, appear to be learned, based on the challenges and support we receive in growing up. The man who did a great deal to explore this concept is Erik Erikson. Although he was influenced by Freud, he believed that the ego exists from birth and that behavior is not totally defensive. Based in part on his study of Sioux Indians on a reservation, Erikson became aware of the massive influence of horti husbandry on behavior and placed more emphasis on the external world, such as depression and wars.He entangle the course of development is determined by the interaction of the body (genetic biologic al programming), mind (psychological), and cultural (ethos) influences. He organized keep into eight stages that extend from birth to termination (many developmental theories only cover childhood). Since adulthood covers a span of many years, Erikson divided up the stages of adulthood into the experiences of young adults, middle vulcanised adults and older adults. spell the actual ages may vary considerably from one stage to another, the ages seem to be appropriate for the legal age of people.Eriksons basic philosophy might be said to rest on two major(ip) themes (1) the world gets bigger as we go along and (2) failure is cumulative. While the first point is fairly obvious, we might take exception to the last. True, in many cases an individual who has to deal with horrendous raft as a child may be unable to negotiate later stages as easily as mortal who didnt have as many challenges early on. For example, we know that orphans who werent held or stroked as infants have an ex tremely hard time connecting with others when they kick the bucket adults and have even died from lack of human contact.However, theres always the chance that somewhere along the way the strength of the human spirit can be ignited and deficits overcome. Therefore, to give you an idea of another developmental concept, be sure to see Stages of Growth for Children and Adults, based on Pamela Levines work. She saw development as a spiraling cycle rather than as stages through which we pass, never to yack again. As you read through the following eight stages with their sets of opposites, notice which strengths you identify with most and those you need to work on some more. . Infancy Birth to 18 Months self increment matter Trust vs. surmise sanctioned strength Drive and want Erikson also referred to infancy as the viva voce Sensory Stage (as anyone might who watches a baby put everything in her mouth) where the major emphasis is on the mothers positive and gentle billing for t he child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch. If we pass successfully through this period of life, we will learn to bank that life is basically okay and have basic trustingness in the future.If we fail to experience trust and are constantly frustrated because our involve are not met, we may end up with a deep-seated feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general. Incidentally, many studies of suicides and suicide attempts point to the importance of the early years in development the basic belief that the world is trustworthy and that every individual has a right to be here. Not surprisingly, the most important relationship is with the maternal parent, or whoever is our most remarkable and constant caregiver. . proterozoic Childhood 18 Months to 3 age self-importance Development Outcome indecorum vs. Shame prefatory Strengths self-importance-control, Courage, and Will During this stage we learn to master skills for ourselves. Not only do we le arn to walk, talk and eat up ourselves, we are learning finer motor development as well as the much appreciated toilet training. here(predicate) we have the opportunity to build self-assertion and autonomy as we gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong.And one of our skills during the enormous Twos is our ability to use the powerful word NO It may be ache for parents, but it develops important skills of the will. It is also during this stage, however, that we can be very vulnerable. If were humiliated in the process of toilet training or in learning other important skills, we may feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-pride as a result. The most significant relationships are with parents. 3. Play Age 3 to 5 geezerhood Ego Development Outcome Initiative vs. GuiltBasic Strength Purpose During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play situations. We make up stories with Barbies and Kens, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult. We also begin to use that wonderful word for exploring the worldWHY? While Erikson was influenced by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality in elevate of the psychosocial features of conflict between child and parents.Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we usually become involved in the unmingled Oedipal scrape and resolve this manage through social role identification. If were frustrated over natural desires and goals, we may easily experience guilt. The most significant relationship is with the basic family. 4. School Age 6 to 12 Years Ego Development Outcome Industry vs. Inferiority Basic Strengths method and Competence During this stage, often called the Latency, we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of in dustry.This is also a very social stage of development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and low quality among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem. As the world expands a bit, our most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents are no chronic the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important. 5. Adolescence 12 to 18 Years Ego Development Outcome identity vs. Role Confusion Basic Strengths devotion and Fidelity Up to this stage, according to Erikson, development mostly depends upon what is done to us.From here on out, development depends primarily upon what we do. And while adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult, life is in spades getting more complex as we attempt to assure our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues. Our task is to discover who we are as individuals separate from our family of ori gin and as members of a wider society. unfortunately for those around us, in this process many of us go into a period of withdrawing from responsibilities, which Erikson called a moratorium. And if we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role wateriness and upheaval. A significant task for us is to establish a philosophy of life and in this process we tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is not. The problem is that we dont have much experience and find it easy to easing ideals for experience. However, we can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. It is no surprise that our most significant relationships are with peer groups. 6. juvenile adulthood 18 to 35Ego Development Outcome Intimacy and Solidarity vs. isolation Basic Strengths Affiliation and Love In the initial stage of being an adult we seek one or more companions and love. As we try to find in return satisfying relationships, primaril y through marriage and friends, we generally also begin to start a family, though this age has been pushed back for many couples who today dont start their families until their late thirties. If negotiating this stage is successful, we can experience social occasion on a deep level. If were not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur.And when we dont find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others. Our significant relationships are with marital partners and friends. 7. Middle adulthood 35 to 55 or 65 Ego Development Outcome Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation Basic Strengths Production and Care Now work is most crucial. Erikson observed that middle-age is when we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding our family. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to be in charge, the role weve longer envied.The significant task is to prese rve culture and transmit values of the culture through the family (taming the kids) and working to establish a stable environment. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity, so when were in this stage we often fear inactiveness and meaninglessness. As our children leave home, or our relationships or goals change, we may be faced with major life changesthe mid-life crisisand struggle with finding new meanings and purposes.If we dont get through this stage successfully, we can become self-absorbed and stagnate. Significant relationships are within the workplace, the community and the family. 8. Late due date 55 or 65 to conclusion Ego Development Outcome lawfulness vs. Despair Basic Strengths Wisdom Erikson tangle that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is get from it. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on o ur lives with happiness and are content, feeling complete with a deep sense that life has meaning and weve made a theatrical role to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity.Our strengt h comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a dislocated concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wonder Was the trip worth it? Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct.