Earth Science

1. Summarize advances oer clip in ascertain the senesce of the can, including the importance of the denudation or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth respectable the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was use in the shopping center Ages to compute the long time of the cosmos. The 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the mount up of the human race by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rank of sedimentation, and models of cooling of several(predicate) materials in order to calculate the Earths age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earths age to be 98 one million million million old age and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years experient. He used a very thorough system and finish up being wrong on both counts because he was unwitting of the existence and effects of radiation. There was an another(prenominal) method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of quiver layers. Ensuring that uncon regulateities were accounted for, that fossils were used as benchmarks, and understand what stirs are aged(a) than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive downslope of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, comparatively stable environment within which we exist and depart? Review the proterozoic development of the solar system, including the fully grown Bang guess, to stand come out of the closet your reply. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. concisely after the Big Bang, get-up-and-go began converting into case.Large clouds of this matter began attr acting to other particles which formed everything, including our solar constitutions. The spring of the solar agreement started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. soberness acted on the cloud, picture it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have caused the solar arrangement to shrink and orb as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the whirl would have gotten windy and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal forcefulness are scrap against to each one other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit most the solarise.The 1% of the mass in our Solar System that didnt accomplish sucked into the temperateness is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Suns equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a frozen explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with agnosticism and how ultimately his possibility on continental shoot a line was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener depose on to swan his co ntinental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he explicate the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifugal force. Because scientists of the time couldnt believe that continents could float by arguing as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see by means of unstable imaging that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit in concert as a puzzle. Also, judders, plants, and animals that were expand across the globe must have started together because a rock didnt swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. allow in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. equivalent having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound w aves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmed rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its bearing to the surface of the Earth which shifts the plates at the weak points.This give ways those plates with quondam(prenominal) vehement and heavy results. The plates ride on more unstable part of the Earths asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be travel downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the truths of thermodynamics determine the motions that result in the formation of mountains and oceans. first law Energy can be moved from one form to another moreover cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the mankind including mountains and oceans. nd Law Energy of an object at the initial convey is greater than then energy of that object at any other time provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the car transporter belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are swear out to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the sea (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that leave alone sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008.Earth ScienceIn reading article The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st one C by Dr. Terry Mortenson, it had some very interesting point of views astir(predicate) the Earths geology. Dr. Mortenson touched basis on how the geology was debated by different groups, Christian and non Christian scientists and what their beliefs are concerning how the universe was created. Summary This article staple fibreally informs the readers of t he contents of the old earth geology theory. The debate that Dr.Mortenson discusses in this article has been around for some time, but many populate do not know that it exist. The repercussions of this article is shown throughout this whole debate, basically because the theories does not consider God as the reason of the universe. From the new Theories about the History of Creation, during the 18th century, the French scientists reason that the earth evolution was the result of a collision between the sun and a comet. During the 19 century, the Scriptural Geologist believed in the biblical account of the sixsome day creation.These four Scottish men were of strong Christian faith and Journal Article Review 3 respected character. Because Christianity play a strong role in how and why people believed. This is credibly why the old earth theory was in such a great debate. Strengths of the Article Dr. Terry Mortenson explained each of the theories to give a basic understanding of each and how it was created. When describing each one, he gave important characteristics and names of people that was generated through refined research.Each of these theories were explained with definition. Weaknesses of the Article The articles weaknesses are shows that even though in that location are different earth evolution theories, each one expect to not have a conclusion to fully explain earths evolution. death The Bible is the true and only source that can explain the beginning of time in Gods theory. Since man was not created In the beginning, he may never be able to have a theory of how time begun. Gods evolution of time, space, and living beings will remain mysterious. It may never be reveal.Earth Science1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. Th e 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earths age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earths age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough method and ended up being wrong on both counts because he was unaware of the existence and effects of radiation. There was another method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of rock layers. Ensuring that unconformities were accounted for, that fossils were used as benchmarks, and understanding what rocks are older than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive decay of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, relatively stable environment within which we exist and survive? Review the early development of the solar system, including the Big Bang theory, to support your answer. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. Soon after the Big Bang, energy began converting into matter.Large clouds of this matter began attracting to other particles which formed everything, including our Solar Systems. The beginning of the Solar System started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. Gravity acted on the cloud, drawing it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have caused the Solar System to shrink and rotate as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the spin would have gotten faster and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun.The 1% of the mas s in our Solar System that didnt get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Suns equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifugal force. Because scientists of the time couldnt believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edg es of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have started together because a rock didnt swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. Include in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. Like having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound waves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmer rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its way to the surface of the Earth which shifts the plates at the weak points.This moves those plates with sometime violent and dangerous results. The plates ride on more unstable parts of the Earths asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be moved downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics determine the motions t hat result in the formation of mountains and oceans. 1st law Energy can be moved from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the Universe including mountains and oceans. nd Law Energy of an object at the initial state is greater than then energy of that object at any other time provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the conveyer belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are washed to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the sea (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that will sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008.